Structural and Functional areas of the Medulla Oblongata - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Structural and Functional areas of the Medulla Oblongata

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Title: Structural and Functional areas of the Medulla Oblongata

Bridge the connects medulla and superior brain
structures
Longitudinal axons of ascending sensory and
descending motor tracts
Transverse axons connect the right and left sides
of the cerebellum
Pneumotaxic Area
transmits inhibitory impulses to the inspiratory
area of the Medullary rhythmicity area

Apneustic Area
Transmits stimulatory impulses to the
inspiratory area
Contains the nuclei of four cranial nerves
Trigeminal
receive somatic sensory impulses from the head
and face. Motor impulses the control chewing
Abducens
Motor impulses to the Lateral Rectus muscle.

Facial
Receive sensory impulses for taste and provide
motor impulses that regulate saliva, tears, and
muscle of facial expression
Vestibulocochlear
Sensory impulses related to balance and
equilibrium

Cerebral Peduncles
Tracts that contain axons from the corticospinal
and corticobulbar motor neurons
Sensory tracts from the pons and medulla that
extend to the thalamus
Corpora Quadrigemina
Superior colliculi reflex center for movement
of the eyes and head in response to visual
stimuli.
Inferior colliculi reflex center for movement
of the head and trunk in response to auditory
stimuli.

Sustantia nigra
Nuclei that control subconscious muscle
activities through the production of dopamine
Red Nuclei relay area for motor tracts that
control coordinated muscular movements
Headquarters of the Reticular formation, the
reticular activating system (RAS). Network of
interconnected nuclei throughout the brain that
produces heightened alertness and excitement or
generalized lethargy and sleep

Nuclei associated with two cranial nerves
1. Oculomotor controls movement of the eyeballs,
constriction of the pupil, and shape of the lens
2. Trochlear controls movement of the eyeballs,
specifically the Superior oblique muscle.

Second-largest part of the brain
Communicates with the motor areas of cerebrum to
help provide smooth and coordinated skeletal
muscle contractions and movements
Folia leave like gray matter of the cerebellar
cortex
Arbor Vitae white matter tracts
Connections
Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles
Medulla to cerebellum
Middle Cerebellar Peduncles
Pons to cerebellum
Superior Cerebellar Peduncles
Midbrain to cerebellum

Thalamus
Masses of gray matter organized into nuclei with
interspersed tracts of white matter.
Functions as a principal relay station for
sensory impulses and cognition
Intermediate Mass
Bridge of gray matter connecting right and left
sides

Thalamus
Masses of gray matter organized into nuclei with
interspersed tracts of white matter.
Functions as a principal relay station for
sensory impulses and cognition
Intermediate Mass
Bridge of gray matter connecting right and left
sides

Nuclei of the Thalamus
Medial Geniculate Nucleus
Relays auditory impulses
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
Relays visual impulses
Ventral Geniculate Nucleus
Relays impulses of taste, somatic touch, somatic
pressure, somatic temperature, somatic pain

Hypothalamus major functions
Controls and integrates activities of the
Autonomic nervous system
Produces Hormones that control the activity of
the pituitary gland
Produces hormones that control urine production,
labor contractions, and milk let-down
Regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns
related to rage, aggression, pain, pleasure, and
behavioral patterns related to sexual arousal

Cerebral cortex Integration and processing of
sensory input and initiation of motor activities
a. Frontal voluntary control of skeletal
muscles
b. Parietal Sensory perception
c. Occipital visual stimuli
d. Temporal auditory and olfactory stimuli

Considered the Motivational Brain
Establish emotional states
Links conscious, intellectual functions with
unconscious and autonomic functions
Facilitates memory storage and retrieval

Amygdaloid body or Amygdala Plays a key role in
emotions. Is linked to both fear responses and
pleasure. Believed to act as an interface between
limibic system, cerebum, and other sensory areas.
Clinical concerns Autism, Depression,
Narcolepsy, Post-traumatic stress disorder, and
Phobias are suspected to br related to
dysfunction of these nuclei. Dysfunction can
occur from damage, developmental problems, and
neurotransmitter imbalance.
Hippcampus Plays a key role in memory and
navigation
Clinical concerns Alzheimers affects this area
first. Damage can also result from anoxia and
encephalitis.

Basal ganglia (nuclei) are involved with the
subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and
the coordination of learned patterns
These nuclei do not initiate movement.
As you begin a voluntary movement the basal
nuclei control and adjust muscle tune of the
appendicular muscles

(Striatum) Caudate and Putamen Nuclei Best
known for a role in the planning and modulation
of movement pathways, also involved in a variety
of other cognitive processes involving executive
functions.
Substantia nigra Thought to be involved in
movement and attention. Consists of two parts,
the pars compacta and pars reticulata.
Pars compacta produces and releases the
neurotransmitter dopamine
Pars reticulataLargely involved with control of
eye muscles, coordinates activity with the
superior colliculus.